英语语法归纳之非谓语动词(动名词)(非谓语动词的动名词)
导语：英语的非谓语动名比较
分词的时态和语态
一般
进行
完成
完成进行
现在
分词
主动
doing
Having done
被动
Being done
Having been done
过去
分词
主动
done
被动
1、现在分词的一般式：
一般式表示动作与主句谓语动词的动作同时发生。
①、He came to visit me, bringing his wife with him.
他来看我时，随同带来了他妻子。(句中两个动作同时发生)
②、Hearing the bad news, she burst into tears.
听到这个坏消息时，她放声大哭。(句中两个动作几乎同时发生)
2、现在分词的完成式
完成式表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词动作之前，常用作状语。
①、 Having finished her work, she went home.
作业写好后，她才回家。（finish 这个动作发生在 go之前，也就是说是先做好了作业，回家这个动作才发生。）
After she had finished her work , she went home
②、Having worked in the fields for two hours, they took a rest.
在田里劳动了两个小时后，他们才休息。
（work 这个动作先发生，劳动过后才休息；即先劳动，后take a rest，）
After they had worked in the fields for tow hours, they took a rest
3、现在分词的语态
现在分词的一般式被动表示的是在进行的这个动作属于被动，现在分词的完成时被动语态，更强调时间的先后顺序；而过去分词一般表示状态。例如：
现在分词表示主动或进行 ---- 现在分词的被动
过去分词表示被动或完成
①、Being treated in the hospital, the worker didn’t go home (现在分词的被动)
②、Having been treated, the worker went home. （现在分词完成式被动）
③、treated, the worker went home. （过去分词）
第一句话强调动作在发生；第二句话强调的是时间，说的是治疗后才回的家；第三句话强调是经过治疗后的状态。
①Knowing that he won the match , he threw the cap into the sky
②Having known that he won the match, he threw the cap into the sky.
③Known as a great man , he doesn’t want to say anything to the reporter
④Being known as a great man, he doesn’t want to say anything to the reporter
⑤Having been known as a great man , he doesn’t want to say anything to the reporter
①、The entertainment building being built will be completed next year.
②、The entertainment building having been built will be completed next year
③、The entertainment building built will be decorated next year
动词不定式、动名词、分词的时态和语态比较
一般
进行
完成
完成进行
不定式
主动
to do
to be doing
to have done
to have been doing
被动
to be done
to have been done
动名词
主动
doing
Having done
被动
Being done
Having been done
现在
分词
主动
doing
Having done
被动
Being done
Having been done
过去
分词
主动
done
被动
不定式：
1) 一般时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
I wish to be sent to work in the country.
2) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something. 特别强调一种同时发生的情景
3) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
The book is known to have been written by Mr.Smith
4) 完成进行时： 动词从过去一直持续到现在，还会继续持续下去
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
动名词：
1）一般式：无特别的强调
I hate talking with such people. 我讨厌与这样的人说话。
2）I don’t like being laughedat in public
完成式：表示动作发生在谓语动词之前，但在多数情况下都避免使用动名词完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子显得累赘，尤其是在口语中。除非特别强调动作的前后顺序。
3）I don’t remember having met him before.
I don’t remember meeting him before
4）I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal
现在分词：
1、现在分词的一般式：
一般式表示动作与主句谓语动词动作同时发生。
1、He came to visit me, bringing his wife with him.
2、Being treated in the hospital, the worker didn’t go home (现在分词的被动)
2、现在分词的完成式
完成式表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前，常用作状语。
Having worked in the fields for two hours, they took a rest.
Having been treated, the worker went home. （现在分词完成式被动）
过去分词：表示完成或被动
treated, the worker went home.
动名词能做主语、表语、宾语，介词宾语，定语，宾语补语
分词能做表语，定语，状语，宾语补语
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